Wednesday, April 17, 2019

Neanderthal Misconceptions

Now that white people know they are the offspring of Neanderthals they are rushing to change the narrative about Neanderthals! Archaic humans (VIDEO BREAKDOWN This is a video reinterpretation of the facts about neanderthals to make caucasians feel better about the reality of where they come from as the hybrids of modern humans Africans!) Neandertals were the progenitors of caucasians, Denisovans and Neanderthals were the progenitors of Asians, modern homo Sapiens were the Africans black melanated people! Modern hybrids (Asians,Melanesians,Caucasians) average content of those with archaic human genomes have between 2 and 10 percent (even as high as 25%)Neanderthal and Denisovan DNA.Most male offspring of neandertal and died in vitro the few females that survived are the archaic parents of Caucasians and Asians! Blue eyes or lack of melanin in eyes, blonde and red hair or lack of melanin in the hair are traits of archaic ancestry. Deleterious consequences of hybridization were weakened ability to retain homogeneity. A handful of sexual encounters between Homo Sapien Africans and Neanderthals made most Europeans what they are today, affecting both their appearance and  vulnerability to disease. But the genetic legacy left by the Neanderthals also highlights differences beyond phenotypes.Neanderthals lived in Europe and Asia between about 200,000 and 30,000 years ago. Homo Sapiens ie “modern humans” – came into  Eurasia about 65,000 years ago, at the time of the ice age which made traversing large areas quit difficult and so the two species remained in close proximity In 2010, geneticists discovered that they had been very close sexyually as well. They sequenced a Neanderthal genome and discovered it carried genes that also appear in the genomes of people of European and Asian descent proving  Modern humans interbred with Neanderthals.By studying Neanderthal genes in people  today, researchers are unraveling how  interbreeding influenced the species.Modern human (African) genomes carry fox p2 the language gene which some evidence shows this gene by adaptive intergression may have been damaging for Neanderthal or Denisovan haplotypes


In one new study of 1000 human genomes, Sriram Sankararaman and David Reich of Harvard Medical School and colleagues found that Neanderthal DNA is most common in regions of the genome with the greatest genetic variability, Europe and Asia making them a prime target for natural selection. In populations outside of Europe and Asia Neanderthal DNA may make up only 1.6 to 1.8 per cent of the Eurasian genome in some caucasians it can be as much as 4 to 10 percent, and it punches above its weight in terms of biological impact, says Reich (Nature, DOI: 10.1038/nature12961).It is suggested that 20 percent of Neanderthal DNA survives in Eurasians, notably expressed in the skin, hair and diseases of these people.
Joshua Akey and Ben Vernot of the University of Washington in Seattle have analysed the Neanderthal DNA in a further 665 humans (Science, DOI: 10.1126/science.1245938). Both their study and the Harvard one found a hotspot of Neanderthal ancestry in genes relating to keratin, a fibrous protein found in our hair, skin and nails.One of the genes, BNC2, is involved in skin pigmentation. That implies that Eurasians owe their white skins partly to Neanderthals. The  theory was that light skin was an advantage at higher latitudes because it is more efficient at generating vitamin D from sunlight. High prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency is a particularly important public health issue because hypovitaminosis D is an independent risk factor for total mortality in the general population. Current studies suggest that most people need more vitamin D than presently recommended to prevent chronic disease. Black people have Eumelanin which acts as a natural sunscreen they need more sunlight than do caucasians to stay healthy.  White and fairer-skinned individuals have much more pheomelanin. However, while pheomelanin produces vitamin D efficiently, its reaction with high levels of UVB also makes dangerous free radicals which can damage skin cells and cause cancer. Thus higher UV radiation is a serious consideration for them.  A third study published this week describes a DNA analysis of one person who lived in Stone Age Europe about 7000 years ago – 40,000 years after any Neanderthal interbreeding. His genes suggest his skin was dark (Nature, doi.org/q74). It may be that the Neanderthal keratin affected early Eurasians’ hair also, perhaps straightening it.
Sankararaman and Reich found that a Neanderthal inheritance includes several genes that make some people susceptible to diseases including type 2 diabetes, lupus and Crohn’s disease.Some of the genes also appear to have led to fertility problems.Sankararaman found that the X chromosome is almost devoid of Neanderthal DNA. This suggests that most Neanderthal DNA that wound up on the X chromosome made the bearer less fertile – a common occurrence when related but distinct species interbreed – and so it quickly disappeared from the human gene pool. “Neanderthal alleles were swept away,” says Sankararaman. Modern men lack Y chromosome genes from Neanderthals meaning at some point the Neanderthal male became infertile. 

“This underlines that modern humans and Neanderthals are indeed different species,” says Fred Spoor of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology modern man from Africa and the neanderthal were genetically incompatible with  – and male fetuses conceived through sex with Neanderthal males would have miscarried. The genetic evidence further backs this up. Neanderthal DNA is irregularly spaced through the modern human genome rather than being fully mixed. That implies that interbreeding occurred very rarely. Sankararaman estimates it may have happened just four times.“But these relatively few matings obviously were an important event in the history of non-Africans,” says Reich.

Saturday, April 6, 2019

CARTA: DNA–Neandertal and Denisovan Genomes;Neandertal Genes in Humans;N...

(VIDEO BREAKDOWN) Neandertals were the progenitors of caucasians, Denisovans and Neanderthals were the progenitors of Asians, modern homo Sapiens were the Africans black melanated people! Modern hybrids (Asians,Melanesians,Caucasians) those with archaic human genomes have between 2 and 6 percent Neanderthal and Denisovan genomes.Most male offspring of neandertal and died in vitro the few females that survived are the archaic parents of Caucasians and Asians! Blue eyes or lack of melanin in eyes, blonde and red hair or lack of melanin in the hair are traits of archaic ancestry. Deleterious consequences of hybridization were weakened ability to retain homogeneity. A handful of sexual encounters between Homo Sapien Africans and Neanderthals made most Europeans what they are today, affecting both their appearance and  vulnerability to disease. But the genetic legacy left by the Neanderthals also highlights differences beyond phenotypes.Neanderthals lived in Europe and Asia between about 200,000 and 30,000 years ago. Homo Sapiens ie “modern humans” – came into  Eurasia about 65,000 years ago, at the time of the ice age which made traversing large areas quit difficult and so the two species remained in close proximity In 2010, geneticists discovered that they had been very close sexyually as well. They sequenced a Neanderthal genome and discovered it carried genes that also appear in the genomes of people of European and Asian descent proving  Modern humans interbred with Neanderthals.By studying Neanderthal genes in people  today, researchers are unraveling how  interbreeding influenced the species.Modern human (African) genomes carry fox p2 the language gene which some evidence shows this gene by adaptive intergression may have been damaging for Neanderthal or Denisovan haplotypes


In one new study of 1000 human genomes, Sriram Sankararaman and David Reich of Harvard Medical School and colleagues found that Neanderthal DNA is most common in regions of the genome with the greatest genetic variability, Europe and Asia making them a prime target for natural selection. In populations outside of Europe and Asia Neanderthal DNA may make up only 1.6 to 1.8 per cent of the Eurasian genome in some caucasians it can be as much as 4 to 10 percent, and it punches above its weight in terms of biological impact, says Reich (Nature, DOI: 10.1038/nature12961).It is suggested that 20 percent of Neanderthal DNA survives in Eurasians, notably expressed in the skin, hair and diseases of these people.
Joshua Akey and Ben Vernot of the University of Washington in Seattle have analysed the Neanderthal DNA in a further 665 humans (Science, DOI: 10.1126/science.1245938). Both their study and the Harvard one found a hotspot of Neanderthal ancestry in genes relating to keratin, a fibrous protein found in our hair, skin and nails.One of the genes, BNC2, is involved in skin pigmentation. That implies that Eurasians owe their white skins partly to Neanderthals. The  theory was that light skin was an advantage at higher latitudes because it is more efficient at generating vitamin D from sunlight. High prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency is a particularly important public health issue because hypovitaminosis D is an independent risk factor for total mortality in the general population. Current studies suggest that most people need more vitamin D than presently recommended to prevent chronic disease. Black people have Eumelanin which acts as a natural sunscreen they need more sunlight than do caucasians to stay healthy.  White and fairer-skinned individuals have much more pheomelanin. However, while pheomelanin produces vitamin D efficiently, its reaction with high levels of UVB also makes dangerous free radicals which can damage skin cells and cause cancer. Thus higher UV radiation is a serious consideration for them.  A third study published this week describes a DNA analysis of one person who lived in Stone Age Europe about 7000 years ago – 40,000 years after any Neanderthal interbreeding. His genes suggest his skin was dark (Nature, doi.org/q74). It may be that the Neanderthal keratin affected early Eurasians’ hair also, perhaps straightening it.
Sankararaman and Reich found that a Neanderthal inheritance includes several genes that make some people susceptible to diseases including type 2 diabetes, lupus and Crohn’s disease.Some of the genes also appear to have led to fertility problems.Sankararaman found that the X chromosome is almost devoid of Neanderthal DNA. This suggests that most Neanderthal DNA that wound up on the X chromosome made the bearer less fertile – a common occurrence when related but distinct species interbreed – and so it quickly disappeared from the human gene pool. “Neanderthal alleles were swept away,” says Sankararaman. Modern men lack Y chromosome genes from Neanderthals meaning at some point the Neanderthal male became infertile. 

“This underlines that modern humans and Neanderthals are indeed different species,” says Fred Spoor of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology modern man from Africa and the neanderthal were genetically incompatible with  – and male fetuses conceived through sex with Neanderthal males would have miscarried. The genetic evidence further backs this up. Neanderthal DNA is irregularly spaced through the modern human genome rather than being fully mixed. That implies that interbreeding occurred very rarely. Sankararaman estimates it may have happened just four times.“But these relatively few matings obviously were an important event in the history of non-Africans,” says Reich.